According to mainly importance of the sensory characteristics of meat products from consumer viewpoint, increasing of the consumption of meat products, the existing articles addressed in literature about of principally effect of fat, water and fat replacers on sensory characteristics of meat products, this research carried out for evaluation of sensorial characteristics of high fat sausage and low fat sausages with 60% meat in National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Gooshtiran company in 2006. This study was done by explorer and experimental methods. The treatments were produced in three replicates totally twenty one formulas. Sensory characteristics of all treatments as color, taste, juiciness, firmness and palatability evaluated by 8 trained panelists using eight-point scale and acceptability evaluated by 31 in-house panelists using ranking test. The main treatments (three replications) were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and then the means were compared with Mann-Whitney U. Spearman’s rho Correlation was used to determine the correlation among sensory characteristics of treatments. All low fat formulas had higher red colors and were juicy and more acceptable than the control (P<0.05) but were not significantly different in taste and firmness. Color was medially and positively (r =0.55) correlated with firmness. The correlation between color and taste (r =0.47) and correlations between taste with juiciness (r=0.41) and firmness (r=0.38) was weakly and positively (P<0.05). The significant correlations were not observed between palatability and acceptability and with each other sensory characteristics. Juiciness was negatively correlated with firmness but was not significantly different. As a result, there is possibility of sensory evaluation of produced sausages and can be as criteria for selection of the best formulation. It is recommended that evaluation of sensory characteristics and the application of panelists be studied in future researches for formulation and production of meat products.

In this research the production of tomato juice concentrate in the fruit nectar production plant and using existing equipments have been studied. Tomato juice was produced and then concentrated under high vacuum condition at temperature lower than 50oC up to 20.25 Brix in the laboratory scale. In order to study the quality specifications of the tomato concentrate and juice, the concentrated juice was recombined and physical and organoleptical tests including color, appearance, consistency and flavor were performed. The samples kept for one and three months at temperatures 4, 25 and 35oC were studied. Results showed that fruit nectar production line has significant effects on color and vitamin C content of tomato juice. However with additional equipments it is possible to produce a high quality tomato juice concentrate. Moreover it was found that the concentration of tomato juice, had no significant effect on the quality of recombined product and 97% of vitamin C content was remained unchanged.

In this study, the possibility of including probiotic starter cultures for making yoghurt was investigated. Set yoghurts were made using three bio-cultures, all containing Bifidobacterium spp. The effects of these starter cultures and total solids (i.e. addition of 0, 1 and 2% skim milk powder) on the rheological and sensory characteristics of the bioyoghurts were compared with a standard starter culture (CH1) on the day of production (Day 0) and after 7 and 14 days storage at 4oC. The rheological properties were evaluated using a Universal Texture Analyser and sensory analyses were carried out using a five point hedonic scale. The results of texture studies showed that the type of starter culture had a significant effect on the rheological parameters including hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, chewiness and gumminess (P<0.05). It was also concluded that addition of skim milk powder (at the levels tested) did not change the hardness and springiness significantly, while adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were statistically different at P<0.05. The results of sensory analysis indicated that the overall acceptance of bio-yoghurts was higher compared with the control. The higher sensory and textural scores of bio-yoghurts as well as their potential therapeutic effects may well be encouraging for the Iranian dairy industry.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific